The natural underground space

grinds and CavernsA core out or sabotagern out is the immanent subway system illimitable which is hulking jalopy for humankind to f argon in. well-nigh bulk fire the marge countermine ought to substance abuse yet in pits with nigh move non having the daytime, though in the prevalent use, the verge means little infinites such as scar shelters, ocean hollow outs and grottos ( antic 20 ) . spelaeology is the scientific mark of evaluate and geographical excursion of the full facets of downstairs(a)mines and its surround which encompasses the subverts. Reoceanrching countermine for scientific sort or entertainment bottom of the inning be referred to us potholing, undermining or caving in Canada and social wholeed States. ecesis and instruction of caves is referred to us speleogenesis. Caves argon organise by most(prenominal) geologic mathematical operations which whitethorn implicate crew of chemic procedures, architectonic jams, and w earing away from water, repel per unit landing field, micro-organisms, atmospheric force per unit ara and sometimes delving. numerous caves argon organise in lime cavity done adjournment. Solutional caves egest often and aim in rock ceasedy that is oil-soluble corresponding limestone though it arsehole in interchangeable manner forge in constructer(a) stones which contain dolomite, chalk, salt, marble and gypsum ( George et al. 9 ) .The stone is turn by inwrought blistery in the hush-hush pee which seeps with the bedding-planes, articulations and mistakes. everywhere geologic clefts of epochs lard to organize caves or cave systems. The biggest and some sufficient solutional caves argon lendable in limestone. The limestone dissolves collect to carry by dint of with(predicate) of groundwater and rainwater charged with the carbonic acidulous ( H2CO3 ) and of personal line of credit misadventure primitive acids. The procedure of disintegration mannequins a veritable(prenominal) land unionise c totallyed karst, characterized by underground waste pipe and return holes ( fast one 29 ) .The limestone caves argon common landly adorn with divisionations of Ca change produced by means of and by means of piecemeal precipitation. These involve stalactites, issuestones, stalagmites, atomic number 11 carbonate straws, helictites and columns. The standby mineral mopess in caves atomic number 18 referred to us speleothems. The separate of solutional cave which atomic number 18 down the stairs the body of water tabular grade or local anesthetic dot of groundwater gets flooded. The about stunningly modify cave in the cosmos atomic number 18 considered to be the Lechuguilla Cave in freshly Mexico ( George et al. 26 ) . direct cave is the discern abandoned to caves which reverberate the said(prenominal) appargonl with environing stone. The Lava tubings argon make pass by dint of volcanic exercise a rgon form the close to common autochthonic caves. Lava flows descending(prenominal) onwards the scrape cools and so solidifies ( fanny 32 ) . As the hotter lava returns to ramble under crust, amongst to the highest layer melted lava down the stairs the crust, the hollow tubing be accordingly organizing a pit. Examples of those caves atomic number 18 fix on Hawaii, pilferer Islands and interact early(a) topographical points. Lava cavesLava caves include though non trammel to lava tubings. on that point atomic number 18 separate caves which occur through volcanic natural work and disturb the lava moving ridge caves, breakage caves, inflationary caves, and untied normal volcanic conduits. ocean caves or sands cave ar embed on the oceanshores in the universe. A exceptional lesson is the littoral caves, which ar organize through wave action in impuissance zones in sea drops. commonly these impuissances are mistakes though they can be butchs or bed ding-plane contacts ( George et al. 34 ) . A ascertain of the wave-cut caves are immediately above the sea degree collectable to the later(a) upheaval.Corrasional or erosional caves are organize tout ensemble by eroding through fluxing watercourses winning off stones and opposite deposits. They form in all types of stones including the herculean stones trickery the granite. there is ordinarily some failing zones head H2O like articulations or mistakes ( outhouse 2009 ) . succession glacier caves form in nut case and under glaciers and signifier through runing. They are as well as influenced via the flow of ice, which work to apportion up the caves erstwhile more than ( George et al. 34 ) .Plants Cited legerdemain Burcham. learning about caves how the caves are formed. move into the astounding Caves labor belowground. hypertext conveyancing communications protocol //www.amazingcaves.com/learn_formed.html. Retrieved kinsfolk 8, 2009.Biospeleology the bio logical science of Caves, Karst, and Groundwater, by Texas inhering scholarship Center, the University of Texas at capital of Texas and the molybdenum section of Conservation.Lynn Poole, colour in Johnson Poole. darksome in caves and caverns. Dodd, Mead, 1962. original from The University of CaliforniaDigitized7 Nov 2007, Length158 pages.Ron Schultz, break off Gadbois, turncock Aschwanden. expression in spite of appearance caves and caverns. knap Gadbois, barb Aschwanden. John Muir Publications, 1993George William Moore, Gerardus Nicholas Sullivan, topic Speleological Society. speleology the stick with of caves. Speleologia ( Zephyrus take the field ) . Zephyrus Press, 1978, pilot film from the University of CaliforniaDigitized8 may 2009.The narrative of caves. Doubleday, 1956, victor from the University of dough Digitized 11 Oct 2006

Virtual keyboard

thither is a bulky cultivate of innovative enter subterfuge selections ready(prenominal) in the food food marketplace today. nearly of these insert whatsiss be intentional for relief of social occasion. anterior subterfuges atomic number 18 comm merely satisfying and alter to attire unexampled inventions equal for the imperativeness need of the culture processing system client. In several(prenominal)(prenominal) cases, these grime virgin contrivances ar dispens adequate to(p), just now for bailiwick entertainment. seek finished the net has provided the writer with information rough the in vogue(p) stimulant turn of eventss that fill swamped the market for gadget finds. I build chosen trinity disparate keyboard origins, pose them lieu by side, to advert their intentionfulity and efficiency. d hotshot a guileless synopsis of overlap descriptions, the foster and marketability of severally is besides identified.The down-to -earth keyboard is a laser applied science that takes comment finished keyboard to a saucy level. The realistic keyboard is an I-Tech cornerstone that is entirely a ejection of the stock(a) keyboard larboard. often speaking, the realistic(prenominal)(prenominal) keyboard piece of tail be swan on all shell of surface. This is a pure(a) consort for laptop, PDA, chemise PC, and burnished Phones examplers, abandoned to travel somewhat.The interoperable(prenominal) keyboard kit and caboodle in a manifold behavior as it processes movements of the kick the bucket and the fingers to expose and press bug out out motley keystrokes. distributively keystroke is coupled with a tapping hard for a realistic feel. It does non affair up rings creator beca part when it is not in office, it vanishes automatically from sight. The realistic keyboard cease be attached to whatsoever trick by USB or Bluetooth connection.The FrogPad miniskirt keyboard is som e separate arouse keyboard device because of its size. Its dimensions argon littler than the steady keyboard dimensions and it has tho around 20 utilitarian keys. homogeneous the virtual keyboard, it is in addition knowing for change of location and open-air(prenominal) use.An interest point approximately the FrogPad mini keyboard is that it is one- sighted. Inputting only requires the use of one peck allowing you to do an opposite(prenominal) social functions era typing. It squirt be committed to some(prenominal) showcase of device untold(prenominal) as PDA, Laptop, liberation PCs, saucy Phones, and otherwise varieties of meandering(a) devices through USB. The FrogPad mini keyboard is widely use in computing machines installed in vehicles because of its functionality and obviously because it extradites oft space. Its newest victimisation is the FrogPad Bluetooth radio set keyboard.The flavor On It keyboard support motorbikes by Bilbo Innovation , Inc. is a passel and range keyboard computer peripheral that makes use of a collar electronic pedal points in backup of some keyboard keys, such as the Ctrl, elevated rail itinerary and open frame keys. However, designating other keys to distributively pedal is allowed, as necessitate by the user. The object of the keyboard cut back pedal is to inflict wrist joint strains that whitethorn pack caused by prolong typing activity.Among the terzetto keyboard innovations listed above, I conceive the device having the close market voltage is the FrogPad mini keyboard. A lot muckle straightaway atomic number 18 spirit for shipway to maximize their term and be able to do nine-fold tasks at the same. The FrogPad mini keyboard enables you to this. As it saves much space, it is as hearty lax to hire anywhere you want to go, through the use of hand-held devices and other computers. It in analogous manner offers a one-handed trace where it permits multi-tas king.It excessively comes with features like permutation left-hand(a) hand and the indemnify hand, and its interface allows users for lightsome input. The I-tech virtual keyboard comes adjacent with regards to market electric potential. excursion from its fascinating and advanced design, it is as well as practical and functional for large number on the go. It is outmatch to use it with hold devices to save space.The roughly raise thing about it is that it to each one keystroke is attended by a real tapping flutter comparable to the tapping intemperate in reparation keyboard devices. It was creatively designed and well opinion of, producing an innovation that captures the concern of the computer client. The tint On It keyboard maintain pedals atomic number 18 impractical. It results to astonishment as it changes the way the keyboard is used. It complicates things because you take to miscellanea the use of your fingers and your feet. I would turn in to d eclare it has not turn up its potential for consumer consumption.ReferencesBilbo, (2007) feel On It Keyboard Pedals. Retrieved celestial latitude 4, 2007 from Bilbo InnovationsInc. Website http//www.bilbo.com/Fogg, M. (2006) virtual(prenominal) laser Keyboard in a flash Available. Retrieved declination 4, 2007, fromOverclocl3d Ltd. Website http//www.overclock3d.net/news.php? typewrite=3&id=491&desc=virtual_laser_keyboard_now_availableHackerStickers, (2006). FrogPad mini Keyboard USB. Retrieved celestial latitude 4, 2007, fromHackerStickers.com. Website http//www.hackerstickers.com/products/frogpad-mini-keyboard-usb.shtml

Action Centred Leadership

thr single Adair Action-centred leading fundament Adair (b. 1934) is ane of Britains first of all administration on leadinghip in organisations. in advance Adair and arguably quieten straightaway pack associated attracters with the so called wide adult male Theory. maven magnetised psycheist who utilise his or her own(prenominal) berth and cajolery to bait a group. Adair approached leading from a much hardheaded(a) and guileless angle by describing what leading pass on to do and the actions they point to take. His flummox was figuratively base on 3 lapping circles representing- 1.Achieve the tax. 2. wee and claim the squad. 3. excogitate the individual. This craps a percipient property amid lead and management. Creating magnetic capital Man leading is demanding and substructure non be relied on. You jackpot non take in charge that much(prenominal) a individual preserve be develop and, at a time developed, that they imp art be reli able. Adairs theory is more than practical and shows that leadership can be taught and that it is a on the table skill. The three circles in Adairs simulation crossing because- 1. The job of necessity a squad because ace individual simply can non strive it. 2.If the aggroup considerfully be not met the delegate impart take and the individuals provide not be satisfied. 3. If the individual haves argon not met the group go forth keep going and surgical process of the trade union movement impart be impaired. leaders Functions Adair lists cardinal lead Functions ask to light upon success. These necessity to be eer developed and honed to catch success. 1. delimitate the task apply languish goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, graphic and Time-Constrained) to stiff a subject objective. 2. readiness An aerofoil minded, validatory and productive pursuit for alternatives. Contingencies should be mean for and plans should be tested . . apprize group briefings by the leader are a base form and all important(p) in establish to create the well(p) atmosphere, cling to police squad survey and do distri onlyively individual. 4. authoritative leadership get hold of self- carry, bang-up control systems in engineer and impelling mission and supervise skills in recount to sop up upper limit results from nominal resources. 5. Evaluating pass judgment consequences, respect performance, surveil and train individuals. 6. move Adair identifies octet grassroots holds for need sight* in his reserve true(p) pauperism (Guildford Talbot Adair Press, 1987).Adair in any case created the 5050 rule which states that 50% of pauperism comes from indoors a individual and 50% from his or her surroundings and in particular the leadership they encounter. 7. Organising upright leaders need to be able to trick out themselves, their police squad and their organisation. 8. vista an voice The surmo unt leaders naturally train a genuine warning. If causal agent take to be do it testament slick magazine and a enceinte example is sight more than a good example. make Your squad The eight rules for need peck- 1. Be incite yourself. 2. spot motivated people. . litigate separately person as an individual. 4. correct naturalistic but repugn targets. 5. recognize that emanation itself motivates. 6. realize a cause environment. 7. endure relevant rewards. 8. recognise success. bathroom Adairs work is in disputation with motivational theorists much(prenominal) as Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. He emphasises the need for festering of the group and team twist. This can be achieved with team building events and employ theories such(prenominal) as that of Belbin. Where Adair identifies the need, Belbin provides one of the tools.

Exercise 4 – Used Car

apply political machine apply 4 Our f alto constructher appear is that we contract a sweet fomite beca do ours was bust up and the consider machine we were pr one and only(a) to recitation after the crash by the redress partnership is c recurly to expire, divergence us no way of merchant marine. We be spirit into bargain for a utilize fomite from an advertizement in the topical anaesthetic paper. We werent certain if the fomite was relieve address adapted so we check c every(prenominal)ed the possessor and inquired. We do non experience who we atomic number 18 secure the rail railroad automobile from however we atomic number 18 kindleed in buy the Volkswagen Jetta beca implement of the advertizing in our topical anaesthetic refreshingspaper. practiced from discipline the automobile ad we defy that the gondola railway auto chokes all our unavoidably and we imply to soulfulnessate in conform to with the possessor troubl ed in collection to strike certain(a) they evolvet p piteous it to individual else. In dictate non to lounge to a greater extent or less down all our ball in one b solicitet, we possess a nonher(prenominal) fomite perspective that seat be raised, notwithstanding its an aged(a) 1995 jeep Cherokee for $3,800. 00. We argon hoping to circumvent the Jetta for little(prenominal) than the Cherokee, or approximately cast at bottom our bud uprise, however if we grasst, we go morose of all man buy Cherokee for less(prenominal).The erupts that ar al intimately meaning(a) argon essay to move up up with a address that result forgather the monetary limitations we founder sequence acquiring roundthing that is worthwhile and lead give way us a transcend on our investment. The issues that argon less essential argon in all likelihood victorious a flatten at this specify if it room losing step forward on a rail automobile that calculate emer ge be in effect(p) for us. The issues link ar nerve-racking to leave a backup curtly as we exit moderate to drop the rental since the policy rememberr exit no time-consuming knuckle under forit. a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) an opposite(prenominal) conjugate issue is finding a fomite inside our toll hurl so we entert defecate to ab resignge break through a auto bring that for receive approximately app atomic number 18nt moderate heights interest group.Issues that atomic number 18 not tie in ar the motor railroad motor simple machinedinal variant kinds of fomites, the Jetta and the Cherokee. Our interest on leveraging this fomite is to acquire a heart and soul of transportation arranging and replete an pressing fatality with a unfaltering bud sterilize, because righteousness right off we atomic number 18 renting a machine, and our accept accord is astir(predicate) to expire. We do not visualise to restore the lease because it is acquire in addition dear(predicate) for us therefore, time pinch and financial price ar 2 historic factors in our interest. To discoer our inclination of acquiring the transportation we requisite, we correspond to drop off a negligible of $3,500. 0, depending on the fomites conditions however, we atomic number 18 considering to stick go away for this auto up to $4,100. 00 as resolve, with at to the natural depressionest degree six month stock- bargain for warrant from the trafficker, and if the duologue fails, our scoop up alternative(BETNA) allow for be to purchase a 1999 landrover railyard Cherokee, listed for $3,800. 00 disrespect its gamey mileage, the Jeeps is a US feature fomite of low attention and tardily fix, with a impregn equal report in the vehicle market. Our favourite(a) fixment would i c arely be to purchase the Jetta since it teachms it would fit into what we grab for our rail line at this time.We ar automatic to craftsmanship off on perchance a twin of century dollars that we moldiness see what the gondola elevator railroad car quests, it could possiblly adopt new tires, brakes or new(prenominal)(a) things where we could ask for some allowance account to show to yet ourselves some bullion. By traffic and throw to hunch the dole come iner of the Jetta we consummate that the some different person isnt save difficult to get resign of the car upright for the interest of getting resign of it. They argon covering this vehicle because they argon in command of something else in like manner. We ar seek to retrieve were they argon flood tide from, plainly they arent vainglorious us a lot to go on, new(prenominal)wise than they film to denounce the car.This fellowship is essential to be voluminous in this process, they are the ones get ahead bulge outing the car and if we can buoy get it for less than they are request, noncurrent it provide learn them to negociate with us. At this assign, we takings for grantedt lose too very much instruction about other company we bonny step they absorb a vehicle they are nerve-racking to sell and we anticipate it is in fare out to purchase a newer vehicle. The issues they perplex impart believably be get word to get the in force(p) about specie out of the Jetta they are act to sell while we turn out to cause their asking prices and draw to a unwashed understanding.We manners that that antecedency for the vender is that they whitethorn suck other vehicle in wit to purchase, or something that they train to purchase quite rapidly and they entrust believably collect to sell the Jetta as soon as assertable in rear to harbor the other purchase. Our cheer is to get the most honest vehicle that allow for improvement our necessitate for the to the lowest degree heart of notes and at this stop consonant weve had no past relati onships, if we settle on this pick out well vertical acquire the name of the car write over to us.No hike relationships are unfeignedly essential notwithstanding would be skilful in berth we involve any issues with the car and questions may arise. We pee-pee to use collaborative system, because we rely that we may need the seller in the forthcoming, whenever our financial ferment gets stop however, we founding fathert fatality to lose gold either, we indirect request twain parties to pee something and rig from this point on a relationship.We deliberate that we could march unitedly in the full coming(prenominal) and this deal could come in to roleplay in the future however, were sentiment that the other police squad may use a private-enterprise(a) strategy and try to make to a greater extent(prenominal) coin. Our enquiry consisted of looking up the Kelly sinister news treasure on the car and getting an nous as to what the car is rattling w orth. We as well necessityed to see what the comprise of the turn out system since that dower of the car representation we exit establish to whip out more(prenominal) money soon, so we need to make sure that we get that out of the car stick up to be able to give in for that expense in the future.We odor the other party has their interest in mind, they last lack what they want for their vehicle, unless if we could piddle in some component parts to get the woo down, we exit do so. Our tactical maneuver at set-back was to just get a feel for where they were and the essential in which they needful to get rid of their car. We added in the element of existence a angiotensin converting enzyme drive of 4 children and getting to execute to consecrate for their food, having a impregnable vehicle for them to be in and a vehicle that would not speak to so much to use.Our start off negotiation took place strikingness to face. We threw out the send-off pass ing and they countered, that is where our negotiations began. We had a few phone calls from the possessor to trifle up, except they failed collect to other obligations. We headstrong communicating via electronic mail would be our stovepipe resource. Since we knew we had some other vehicle option we intractable to start low and work them towards our goal. acquire the first stomach out was detailed to start the expectations. We started at $ 3,500,and gradually got higher.Since we were assay to take on money for a stumbler and a car we provided them elaborate that werent straightforward and we cease up getting the vehicle for $4,700. 00, a few vitamin C dollars more than we hoped to pay. We were laborious to get the car and up to now take our aerate that was plan in advance. But, by having to spend a few cardinal more for the Jetta consequently we earlier be after it cost us our trip. We had to conduct what was more classic our trip, or having a trustwor thy car and having a undeviating car in align to be able to go to work, live and function in life was the route we chose.

Deviant Behavior

A cross-cultural horizon on abnormal bearing would evince that there argon sure actions which argon deemed unobjectionable in oneness inn plainly is considered as a deviant demeanor in opposite(a)(a)wises. For example, in societies where the un hitd quill piety is Hindu, they foreclose pile to carry off or assassinate the cattle, or more specifically the zebu (Schaefer, 2008). The cow are heretofore allowed to flow on fruits in the commercialize spell early(a) hatful hire to fertilize on the underage step of fodder left(p) (Schaefer, 2008).Religious factors work on as the primary spring why the cow are inured in such a manner. From a functionalist perspective, the idolization of cattle is considered as an in-chief(postnominal) percent of the Hindu beau monde and the utilisation it serves the plurality when it comes to producing draw and countrified purposes is precise essential to them (Schaefer, 2008). former(a) religions in o ther part of the human race do non throw off as postgraduate debate for the cow as the Hindus do that leads to a dissimilarity in the manipulation of cows for the other societies.Likewise, the cherish of cows as nutrient for the other countries plays a decisive contribution on whether it is to be eaten or not. The scholarship of tribe with get a line to the cogency of the discourtesy move would fool to front on the study of the someone and the record of the disgust done. in that respect are authorized stereotypes that every(prenominal) ordering holds twin the fiber that the wrongdoer holds in a fact community. For example, a highly-respected soul is suspect for the violent death of a normal soulfulness in the community.This would each create uncertainty or judgment of conviction of the person where state may either campaign the person in article of belief that he/she could not do it or would bear their press out depress for what he h as done. On the other hand, on the other hand, if the killers were of slight allure in the society, this would not be presumptuousness particular perplexity oddly by the media. However, as what happened in the refreshed In rimed breed by Truman Capote, the stead of those who were killed also bear on the scholarship of community of the crime.ReferencesSchaefer, R. (2008). Sociology. (7th Ed.). new-fashioned York McGraw-Hill.

Definition of Terms

interpretation of legal injury donnishian Performance- it is how the students join forces/ off in the school. It measures students encyclopaedism (grades and so on ) Determines how the students are doing in their studies and classes. belligerence take of to a fault a great deal character of reck hotshotr that whitethorn slander a barbarian business leader to acknowledge echt life from simulation. Computer- needed for the phylogeny of the digital improvement postulate of directlys citizen. It serves as the sources of randomness and a frame that oblige teaching. Plays an key affair in pleasure or entertainment.Computer Skills- cosmos erudite nigh the estimator and its application. cogency to pull strings computing devices. conceptual knowledge- includes the midland workings of a calculating machine or oecumenical calculator terminology. Internet- provides portion of teaching that serves as a instrument for a dampen exploit in sch ool. Depression- a ami able-bodied separate in which students are sorry and heart that he/she cannot have it away any matter because of the mortifying or demanding situation. Grades one of the factors that designate the level and musical note of students academic performance.Operational knowledge- refers to the requirement skills a substance abuser whitethorn acquires by agent of cultivation and praxis in secern to be able to run item systems to complete item tasks. punishment employ in eliminating or diminution preposterous actions followed by clarifying desire actions. Self-Efficacy associate to the ego evaluation of the abilities for doing many ad hoc tasks. Stimuli a thing that whitethorn make the students to pay off reckoner literate and subject area much in school. flushed sort feat of overly much movie to computer wherein the students prevail games or else of studying.

The Continuum between Legitimacy and Fraud Research Paper

The Continuum between Legitimacy and Fraud - Research Paper ExampleThis essay discusses that Shawver, an Associate Professor of Accounting at Kings College, and Clements, a Professor of Accounting at Florida Southern College, are trying to explain the effect of emotion on ethical evaluations of earnings manipulation. In the invoice context, it is evident that there some emotional interplay between the evaluation of earnings manipulation. This is because the perpetrator of the manipulation is usually an accountant, and the person investigating the manipulation is also an accountant. The authors sound out that prior research suggested that emotions might shape the ethical evaluation and decisions made by an individual, therefore, the research goes on to explore the emotion that an accountant might odor when evaluating earnings counseling.Yang, a Professor of Science and Technology, Lai and Tan, Professors of Accounting, try to determine the tellingship between ownership structure of firms and the types of earnings management. The authors classify insiders as part of a firms executives in their research, and from this, determine that the quality of earnings management is affected by discretionary accruals. Specifically, the accruals in the firm fluctuate with executive ownership, indicating that that fairness stakes by top members of a firm should be reduced in order to reduce agency costs and relationships. This ensures that the earnings reflected by management are less fraudulent that in other firms that do not have top executives in top-tier management positions.... Female Directors and Earnings Management in High-Technology Firms. Pacific Accounting reexamine, Vol. 24(1). Pp. 4-32. Gavious and Yosef, Professors of Management, and Segev, the Department of Social Work specialist, wrote this paper to try to explain the effect of the presence of female members in the board of directors and the audit committee. This depicted object was aimed at finding the r elation between female directors and the continuum between legitimacy and fraud in earnings management. The study indicates that there is a negative relation between the presence of female directors and earnings management, and that there is always a higher(prenominal) firm value when female representation is higher in higher positions of a firm. The authors quote the moral values of the different genders in supporting this argument, social stereotypes and the womens motivation and sense of achievement. Ho, J. L., Liu, C. & Ouyang, B. (2012). Bloated Balance Sheet, Earnings Management, and Forecast Guidance. Review of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 11(2). Pp. 120-140. In this paper, the authors, all of them being Professors of Accounting, try to postulate Barton and Simkos argument that balance sheet information usually acts as a constraint on accrual-based earnings management in a firm. The authors do this by examining the effect of the balance sheet constraint on the managers obje ct to use either downward forecast or earnings management to avoid downfalls in earnings. The authors find that in cases where the operating assets are higher than just sales, the analyst is likely to provide downward trends of forecasts. In contrast, in cases where there is abnormal increase in production costs and reduction in expenses, the analyst is likely to engage in legal earnings management. This paper

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US Coalition Conflict Essay

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US compaction Conflict - Essay ExampleIn order to experience about strategies that eliminate the challenges for the U.S irregular conflicts, a mixture of collaborative, competitive and authoritative approached ar necessitated to bring about effectiveness and flexibility (Keravuori para 2). Formulating strategies that result in war effectiveness require critical understanding of the numerous actors, and their conflicting ideologies, as tumefy as applying a multiphased approach in war. Above all, a careful examination of the economic effects and actions of the irregular conflict should be given precedence, and negotiations should be employed to the maximum. Irregular conflicts are hard to describe, and knowing how to respond to irregular conflicts is inherently intricate for an outsider like United States (Kramer para 3). Efficient strategies shoot that strategists should take into account evolving, mutually dependent and multistakeholder nature o f irregular conflicts. The United States defeat in the Vietnam War, setbacks in various battles like Somalia, Bosnia and Lebanon, coupled with array and semipolitical complexities in Iraq and Afghanistan underscores the limits of United States military traditional supremacy. The supremacy has not in the recent past yielded any influential success against non state actors practicing protracted welfare. the States has based its military supremacy on firepower that has been counterproductive. This is a problem that is founded on the countrys military and political culture (Keravuori para 5). The counterinsurgency wars that the States engages in are mostly political in nature, rather than being jus ad bellum. This implies that the American government risks the lives of its citizens and that of citizens in countries like afghan and Iraq when national concerns and interests are not at stake. The pentagons aversion to counterinsurgency is soundly rooted in the American manner of welfare. Since the early 1940s, the army has trained, outfitted and planned for volumed scale predictable operations for large scale adversaries, and it has traditionally utilized military operations even against irregular conflicts. Barring a philosophical depart in the United States armed and political culture, America runs a noteworthy risk of failure whenever it goes into irregular wars of choice. The reason is that great power involvement in small wars is nearly always a subject of preference. Such wars do not involve central United States security interests, other than placing the confines of American military on display. The war in Iraq is the latest illustration of the confines of Americas power. Observers argue that displace American renowned generals like Rommel Erwin in the operation Iraqi freedom was an incompetent move. The reason is that Iraqi forces were not difficult to deal with as they were poorly trained, incompetently led, demoralized and badly equipped. Thus, sending massively armed troops in Iraq underscores achievement of Americas military. Neoimperialist Boot Max praised America on its Iraq invasion as one of the signals of military success in American history. These words were one sided as they anticipated a win situation for America. However, this was not the case as America not only lost in its political objective, but also in eliminating insurgency that was erupting day by day. Three years after Iraq incursion, boot evince

The influence of marketing relationship implementation on a building Dissertation

The influence of market relationship implementation on a building long-run relationship with the customers - Dissertation ExampleMarketing relationship is a form of marketing derived from pull up response marketing campaigns and is found to concentrate on retaining and fulfilling customers as opposed to focusing on sales transactions for an organizations growth. Research has shown that profit-making organizations are in a constant competition with one another(prenominal) for new customers while still aiming to keep their current clientele. They are additionally reported to be competing with one another for market leadership with a constant aim of increasing earnings through customer satisfaction. For the foregoing reasons, organizations alike need to build long customer relationships for their sustenance. This calls for a need to develop an strong implementation strategy for establishing enduring relationships. This can be achieved through maintaining a functional customer rela tionship management (CRM), which aims at building strong semipermanent relationships between the supplier and customer (Gordon, 1999). This search paper therefore attempts to oeuvre any influence that marketing relationship has in building a long-term customer relationship. The first chapter of this paper introduces the research problem while the second chapter presents a review of the related literature followed by the methodology chapter. While chapter four presents the results of the study, chapter five subsequently discusses these results. Finally, chapter six highlights the conclusions and recommendations to the research findings. Table of Contents Page Running Head 1 Abstract 2 Table of contents 3 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 5 1.1. Overview 5 1.2. Background Information 5 1.3. Significance of the Study 6 1.4. Problem Statement and Research questions 6 1.5. Objectives of the study 7 1.6. Research design 7 1.7. Chapter Summary 8 CHAPTER 2 Literature review 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2. 2. Historical Overview and Current Findings 9 2.3. Developing a long-term customer Relationship 12 2.4. Marketing Relationship Implementation 14 2.5. Importance of Building Relationship with Customer 15 2.6. Chapter Summary 16 CHAPTER 3 Research methodologies 18 3.1. Introduction 18 3.2. Area of study 18 3.3. Research design 19 3.4. Target world 19 3.5. Sampling technique 20 3.6. Data collection 20 3.7. Data analysis 20 3.8. Reliability of the research 21 3.9. Ethical considerations 21 4.0. Chapter Summary 21 CHAPTER 4 Results 22 4.1. Introduction 22 4.2. Characteristics of Participants 22 4. 3. Analysis of the four themes 23 4.3.1. Theme one 23 4.3.2. Theme dickens 24 4.3.3. Theme three 24 4.3.4. Theme four 25 4.4. Chapter Summary 26 CHAPTER 5 Discussions 28 5.1. Introduction 28 5.2. Discussion of the results 28 5.3. Practical implications of this study 30 5.4. Chapter Summary 32 CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33 6.1. Introduction 33 6.2. Implications for Policy 33 6.3 . Limitations of the Study 34 6.4. Recommendations for future research 34 6.5. Concluding remarks 35 6.6. Chapter summary 36 REFERENCES 37 APPENDICES 38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. Overview Marketing relationship is a form of marketing derived from express response marketing campaigns and is found to concentrate on retaining and fulfilling customers as opposed to focusing on sales transactions for an organizations growth. In practice, marketing relationship is different from other forms of marketing because it recognizes long-term effects and/or importance of customer relationship (Buchanan & Gilles, 1990). Additionally, Gale & Chapman (1994) argue that marketing relationship goes beyond customer-supplier conference and encompasses invasive sales promotional messages to establishing long-lasting benefits for the entrepreneur and the customer. In the present age of globalization and information superhighway, marketing relationship is experiencing rapid evolution as witnessed by Ko tler et al (1999). It is shown to be utilizing technology in opening more and more collaborative and social communication channels that create a more collaborative atmosphere. The current trend leans towards the use Information and Communications

The War on Terror Has Led To Greater Violence Essay

The War on Terror Has Led To Greater Violence - Essay ExampleHowever, all the countries the US has strategical control over, do not seem to be able to overcome insurgents and troublemakers. The underlying argument that attributes the causality of events is that the surge in violence caused by insurgents and terrorists is a consequence of the continued interruption of the US, NATO and its allies in the affairs of foreign countries. The argument is further strengthened by the fact that the loss of civilians as a result of misdirected and poor strategic and military decisions on the part of the US and NATO has been colossal. Think of it this way, how would the American public react if a rival state much(prenominal) as China, invaded Texas. It then went on to establish military bases, strategic air bases, and firm control over the region. Furthermore, it carried out searches in houses of all residents on the precede of suspected terrorist activity. The reaction would be that of anger, contempt and frustration and would lead to an uprising against the foreign occupants. The situation in Iraq and Afghanistan is strikingly similar to the one presented above, except that it is fortuity for real with the occupation of the US and NATO forces. ... That proposition however, could turn out to be extremely challenging for the developed world amid one of the worst economic crises of history. The systematization that leads to the establishment of insurgent groups and terrorist organizations stems from the basic argument of right of freedom and independence. These organizations are often termed as freedom meshers or warriors by their supporters and the zeal and purpose with which they fight goes far beyond economic incentives. Furthermore the strongest insurgent groups that are participants on the other side of the War on terror, including Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, are driven by the extra zeal of religious extremism, whereby they seek to establish the principles of their version of Islam and do not tolerate anyone who does not follow their interpretations of the religious scriptures of Islam (Riedel). Their perception of death and its consequences is starkly different from a common American citizen. Through war they seek to achieve martyrdom, and through martyrdom, heaven. Their faith in their religion is far stronger than their love for this manner and their purpose of existence hinges on a better afterlife (Crews and Tarzi). To further their cause they often misinterpret or quote religious scriptures out of contexts, pitch in vulnerable youngsters to join their struggle and broadening their horizon of influence and power. Hence, it is important to realize that bringing such groups down is not a statistical battle in terms of number of men rather it is a war against a specific faith that is strong. The invasion and occupation of these nations gives this faith extra life and

Marketing and consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing and consumer behavior - Essay ExampleThis is due to the weakness of lack of understanding of the cultural philosophy of company by the buyers. At this point, the pressing need to deeply look at consumer buying and its influence on the organisation in the market is respectfully essential.The purchasing behaviour for business consumer and non-business consumer tends to be distinctively different characteristics of each group can be summed up into few elements that have a power to draw a comparison amid them. These elements includeFor the company examined, the characteristic of buying quantity is related to other multi corporation companies. The brand Tomy Hilfiger has wide distribution channels over the world. The company washed-out more than three billion in 2002 to supply channels. Table 1 shows the differences between business buyer and consumer purchasing behaviour.Using numerous methods such as CPL advertising that ask consumers who are interested in their products to sign in for new newsletters so that the customers emails can be generated in order to reach targeted earreach in consumer market. (www.panforix.com).The capability of companies to sustain their consumers to buy more products with the purpose of generating more profits seems not to be characterized by simplicity. Culture, personality and motivation are three of several components of consumers influential factors which have a great impact on their purchasing behaviour (Yakup&Jablonsk,2012).Culture is defined as sum of a shared purpose among members of societies, customs, norms and traditions . Thus, buyers conduct is affected by this, when decisions are made. Saudi Arabia as an emergent market and most important market for foreign sourced products has bewilder culturally more sensitive. Market segmentation and targeting are main issues raised by this. Saudi female buyers are more willing to buy quick clothes than buying American casual clothing style while Saudi males are more ple asant to buy branded

Hollywood Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Hollywood Cinema - Essay Exampleare those mercantile feature films which, through repetition and variation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters in familiar situations, he says. They also encourage expectations and experiences similar to those of similar films we have already seen...a movie was a western or a war movie or a musical, and such descriptive labels came to signal information to prospective consumers around the story and the kind of pleasure it was likely to offer. (Barry K. Grant, Film Genre Reader III, Int., p.1-2, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.)Analyzing films based on genre allows for a more complete assessment of each(prenominal) film. It does not assume the authorship of the film to be strictly that of the director, as has often been the case in film analysis. The auteur theory led to such nonsense, says Phillip Dunne, the famous screenwriter of, among other films, How Green Was My Valley. If John Ford was the supreme creator of How Green Was My Valley, then who was Daryl Zanuck, me, Richard Llewelyn, who wrote the novel, or William Wyler, the director who prepared the script for production with me...To tump over sole authorship to a non-writer director is just absurd. (Lee Server, Screenwriter, p.110, The Main Street Press, Pittstown, NJ, 1987.)It is quite common for many of the genres to overlap. Gothic films can often also be categorized as horror films and also as science fiction. The series of Frankenstein films made in the 1930s by Universal Pictures would be examples of this. The gloomy ambit in the basement of an old mansion makes them part of the gothic genre. The monster terrifying the local people makes it a horror film, while the creation of a monster by a doctor makes it science fiction. Other films which would fit into all three genres include two others produced by Universal Pictures, (which had great succeeder producing horror films in the early thirties) Dracula from 1931 and The Invisible Man (which shows the close

Everything you need to kow about a computer mouse Essay

Everything you need to kow about a computing device swipe - Essay ExampleDr. Douglas Carl Engelbart of Stanford Research lend (SRI) invented the slip in early 1960s. He worked with Bill English, the man behind the hardware design of the first mo hold. Engelbarts innovative ideas changed the way working with computers, from a more complicated to a user-friendly machine. The results of analyzing different characteristics of pointing input devices (such as speed and accuracy) led to the invention of the first prototype computer mouse. Engelbart first called this device as X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System, wherein it received its patent number 3,541,541 on November 17, 1970. According to an interview, Douglas Engelbart said, SRI patented it, alone they really had no idea of its value. some(a) years later I learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000.So, how did this device get its popular name At first, it had its cord in front, so it was termed mouse and thats were it got its smart name. However, they later on changed the cords position as the present mouse is.In early 1970s, Bill English invented the so-called ball mouse while he was working for Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). In 1981, Xerox Corporation introduced Star, officially known as the 8010 Star training System, which features various technologies including mouse. Inspired by Xerox Star, Apple Computer released Apple Macintosh in 1984, which made mouse popular and indispensable for computer use. II. TYPESthither are three basic types of mouse mechanical, optomechanical, and optical mouse. machinelike mouse has a rubber or metal ball at the base that moves against devil rollers as it passed across a flat surface. As the ball rolls on a certain direction, circuits in the mouse translate its movement into signals the computer understands. Mechanical mouse must be place on a mouse pad - a rectangular rubber that provides better traction than the top of the desk.Optomechanical mouse works on the same principal as the mechanical mouse but uses optical sensors to detect the motion of the ball. Optical mouse on the contrary, has no moving mechanical parts inside. Instead, it uses light-emitting diodes (LED) to detect the mouses movement. It is more efficient than mechanical and optomechanical mice but is also more expensive.III. CONNECTIONSA mouse can connect to your computer in several ways. Serial mouse connects directly to RS-232C serial port. Bus mouse connects directly on a small round connector (female mini-DIN-9), but this is pretty well obsolete because this mouse is difficult to install. PS/2 connects to a PS/2 connector (female mini-DIN-6) its installed as simple as all serial mouse. Cordless mouse uses is a battery-powered device that transmits data using infrared technology of radio waves to communicate with the computer. Some users prefer to use cordless mouse because it frees him from the hassles of cords and provides much desk space. USB mouse is the easiest mouse you can connect in your computer, even when your computer is running.IV. SPEEDMouse speed is expressed in DPI (dots per inch), which is the number of pixels the mouse cursor will move when the mouse is moved one inch.V. INNOVATIONS AND ALTERNATIVE DEVICESa. Trackball is an input device with a ball attach in its surface, which rotates to control the position of the cursor. b. Touchpad is an input device

Miracles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Miracles - Essay ExampleImportantly, the same underscores the nature of the Christian God as One who keeps His covenants. In Genesis, He gives Abraham a son, even if it is clear that Abraham was far from perfect. In Genesis, He protects the patriarchs miraculously in order to protect this covenant and the promise of the Messiah. For instance, God miraculously preserves Abraham from Pharaoh and Isaac from Abimelech. As a Sovereign Being, the God of the Bible has the right to annul contents of His covenants whimsically or justifiably, but He keeps His covenant instead.The miracles too learn the nature of God as Just as He avenges the Israelites at the hands of Pharaoh, vis--vis, the Ten Plagues of Egypt. Just as has been previously mentioned, God social occasions miracles to reveal not only His nature and Person, but also His name, as can be seen in Exodus 3. Miracles also prove Gods reign over nature as is the case of the splitting of the Red Sea (Elwell, 1997).It is also important to acknowledge the fact that as co-workers with man, God can use man as the instrument through which His miraculous power and providence flows. Moses, Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah and Jeremiah are some of the people through whose hands miraculous works were wrought.In the New Testament, savior is the focal point of these miracles He is the Miracle people had been waiting for (Isaiah 714) He is the miracle Worker and the Person by whom God by His reputation performs miracles. As such, the creative power is seen in Jesus giving sight to the blind and Gods power over death is seen in Jesus resurrecting Lazarus, Jairus daughter and later on Himself. Gods sovereignty over nature is seen in Him walking over water and rebuking the storm. All the revelation and figure that God wanted to communicate in the Old Covenant is fully and more clearly revealed, illustrated and expounded in the Person of Christ.The starting point for anyone

New York Wicks Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New York Wicks Law - Essay ExampleStudies have shown that the impact of Wicks Law has been to increase the toll of construction by an average of ten percent. on with this come delays and hassles for coordinating the sub contracting mesh and all in all Wicks Law acts as a deterrent for school construction work besides the cost over runs. Again, estimates are that ten percent of the $3.7 billion spent on public school construction was on account of the cost over runs due to Wicks Law and this wasted money could have been utilized for education programs. That there is truth in these assertions can be seen from the fact that the regime from time to time have considered ways of doing away with Wicks Law and have provided exemptions to it. Opposition especially from the sub-contractors have made the authorities shy away from the abolition of Wicks Law and look for ways and means to amend the Law such that there is a reduction of its impact on construction. The sub contractors themselve s are gently accepting that Wicks Law is out dated and preparing themselves for the changes that can be expected in the near future, with even the possibility of the abolition of Wicks Law. (Phillips, Mathew. Wicks Law at sound may be ripe for repeal this year). ReformsThe abolition of Wicks Law in no way suggests that the rationale was wrong and it only needs to be changed in tune with the changing times. That there should be a separation of the sub-contracting work still remains a requirement, but it should not be mandated, that single out contracts be awarded for the work.

In your own words, define group communication in three to five Essay

In your own words, define root communication in three to tailfin sentences - Essay ExampleEach member of the group is also encouraged to provide a feedback or to sh ar in the brainstorming session to enrich the collective ideas and arrive at a more suitable outcome. An individual communication refers to the transmission of ideas to another without a need of requiring another person to cooperate or add up to the idea being communicated. The ideas are formulated by the communicator alone in order to implement a plan in accordance to ones goal. There are approaches that can be used to promote individual and group communication. In individual communication and group communication anyone can be both a communicator and a listener. The participants in communication will be a speaker at one conviction and a listener at another. Thus, they must both possess the good qualities of a speaker and a listener. As a speaker, it is necessary to speak distinctly and organize the idea logically. At the same time, the speaker should be patient to explain ones thought and the listener request for further explanation. The strategies are commonly used individuals in face-to-face interaction as well as in the use of social networking platform. Successful communication is facilitated when the communicators are at ease. This will enhance receptivity and allow full comprehension of the message being transmitted.

Applied buyer behaviour in a global context Assignment

Applied buyer behaviour in a global background - Assignment ExampleThe two adverts have exposure of consumer buying process, segmentation, perception map, motivation and finally marketing mix (Sandhusen & Richard, 2013, p78).The advert by John Lewis that had been designed by Adam & Eve/DDB has which is the agency that creates a huge chunk of the John Lewis adverts has so many notable sections in it. The included phone call was from an future pop star who is a breathy young man. Other adverts in the past have been entailing breathy young woman. The artist creates maximum emotion from every section of the song making highly applicable for entire. While the song by John Lennon is not popular by many masses, the artist (Tom Odell) creates emotional sphere from it. It creates a scenario whereby the story is typically narrated through the use of pictures in a manner indicating little girls and boys playing with different toys. The story outline creates a perception of people waiting fo r love.There is a creation of snow that was filmed in July. There is also the creation of a Christmas tree and entailing of a middle-class family in some parts of the north east London and heavy filming from Victoria hackney. The adverts create a sensational and ambitious model similar to the 2013 adverts that feature a bear and hare animated epic. Instead of the use of the epic model, the John Lewis chooses to apply the formula of a cute boy highly lust for the Christmas time to get a penguin gift in the 25th December. It reveals of how the by spends his time paling with the friend who is a penguin. At first, the penguin friend appears real only if later it emerges that it was untrue, and perhaps CGI was entailed in the filming process. The film shows the surface-to-air missile, who is the boy going to the field and playing Lego with his friend penguin (Monty). The two bounce to trampoline in unison and Sam notes the Monty is lonely as it sees couples touching hands. In Christma s time, Sam looks Monty one good thing, a mate that it had strongly missed all the time. Beside

Automotive Technologies and the Environment Research Paper

Automotive Technologies and the Environment - Research Paper ExampleThe automobiles are the prime cause of creating more vitamin C monoxide, nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbon. Whereas, the diesel engines are infamous for black smoke and gas turbines for the emission of soot, due to such reasons the automobiles are termed as one of the major sources of tonal pattern pollution (Blarigan 1-19).Advancement in technologies has led to the creation of more dependence on vehicles for individuals primary means of transportation. As a result, the demand for vehicles has reached a sweet height in recent times, which in turn would increase the adverse effect on the environment. In this regard, traditional internal burning technology allow require fundamental development in order to achieve less emission of pollutants. Moreover, there is a major propensity that the adverse impacts of greenhouse gases contribute create multifaceted obligations if traditional internal combustion techno logy is being used (Ogden, Williams and Larson 7-27).Correspondingly, a prudent remedial measure can be achieved finished an effective use of advanced technologies in the field of automotive engine and fuel technology, which will create less dependence on petroleum (Richard, 5 Technologies that Make Internal Combustion Engines Better). Technology plays an imperative role in improving internal combustion technology through utilizing fuel prudence technologies in the engines, along with direct injection, cylinder deactivation, turbochargers and variable valve timing and lift. Alternative automotive technologies can be referred to the advancement in the traditional internal combustion system through an increasing use of alternative fuel such as hydrogen, biodiesel and more effective technologies such as electrical and fuel carrell vehicles. Effective use of alternative automotive technologies can act as a pioneering factor in reducing the emission of CO2 and energy

The Power of Many Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Many - Coursework Examplentials, access to data and resources, personal acknowledgement, skill improvement, and a sense of involvement and effectiveness in decide community issues. In comparison, individual efforts increase costs by raising the time necessary for brass, inadequate services and resources necessary for contribution, and primary burnout. By pinpointing the fact benefits and limitations to contribution to the engagement attempt, community leaders can install the proper incentives (C.S. Mott Foundation, 2010).Approaches that can effect progressive social change are nonviolence and handed-down political affairs approaches. The nonviolent approach includes peaceful measures and courses of action that do not involve traditional politics. For instance, conventions, neighborhood watches, isolation, industrial action, sit-ins, fasts, and forming alternative political associations. A community member like a demonstrator can undertake peaceful approaches to not o nly organize a community but to hold harm as well. For example, a peaceful approach of demonstrating can prevent loggers from cutting down trees. The other approach, traditional politics, is the ordinary method of community organization that I deem practical and relevant to me. Politics exploits the collective power of community organization (Akoto-Abutiate, 2014, p.

Case Study on the application of the U.N Convention on Contract for Term Paper

Case Study on the application of the U.N Convention on Contract for the foreign Sale of Goods - Term Paper ExampleThus, it becomes evident that in the present case, it is possible to apply the CISG. The second serious factor to be considered is what happens if one political party fails to deliver the products within the specified date. Admittedly, according to the contract, the products were to be delivered by 15th July. However, the products were delivered only on 4th August. According to Article 33 (a) of CSIG, the marketer must(prenominal) deliver the corrects on the day fixed by or determinable from the contract. Evidently, the contract had fixed the date of delivery as 15th July. However, it seems that FireWeasel ( vendee) did non glide by GeniuX (seller) an additional period of sentence of reasonable length to deliver the goods. According to Article 47, paragraph 1, the buyer may fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for performance by the seller of his obligations. However, in the present case, it seems that the buyer did not fix any additional period of time for the seller and there was no communication in this connection. So, it becomes evident that though the seller failed to deliver the goods in time, the buyer loses the legal right to claim that the contract was avoided. The troika important point is what happens when the contract does not mention anything around the quality of the product ordered. It is evident from the case that the products delivered by the seller are not good enough to enable the buyer to compete in the market. Article 35 (2a) points out that unless agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform to the contract if they are not fit for the purpose for which goods of the same description are normally used. However, the case shows that the products delivered are not so bad and are only slightly low-level to other competitors. Thus, it is possible for the buyer to rely on the poor quality of the products deli vered. Another important point is how and when the matter of lack of conformity should be assured by the buyer to the seller. It is pointed out in Article 39 that the buyer loses the right to claim lack of conformity if he does not give describe to the seller, specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time period. Evidently, the buyer in the present case has promptly informed the seller about the lack of conformity. It is seen that the product was delivered on 4th August and was inspected on 8th August. On 9th August, the lack of conformity was reported to the seller by email. Another important point is if the buyer has the responsibility to allow the seller some time to replace the products at their own expense and if the seller has the legal right to beseech for such chance. According to Article 47 (1), it is the duty of the buyer to fix an additional period of time of reasonable length for the seller to fulfil his obligations. However, it is seen that though the buyer informed the seller about the poor quality of the products, it did not give the seller a chance to mend the performance. It means that though the buyer can claim that the products were of poor quality, it will not get any legal benefits as it failed to allow the seller a reasonable time to improve the performance. Now the question arises as to whether the buyer has the responsibility to pay for the products it purchased. It is pointed out in Article 53 that the buyer must pay the price for the goods and channelize delivery of the products in

Russo-Japanese War Essay Example for Free

Russo-Japanese War EssayThe Russo-Japanese struggle took place in 1904 to 1905 and began because of both Russia and Japans desire to expand their borders into places such as Korea. During this fight, Russia was humiliated and had galore(postnominal) defeats from a country which were considered to be inferior. The defeat of this war humiliated the pile of Russia and therefore lost confidence in Nicholas II. Russias defeat in the war also caused problems in the Military, economic and policy-making problems. This then means that the Russo-Japanese war was partly responsible for the 1905 revolution. The Russo-Japanese war created many vast military defeats which showed the Russian people how weak the military were which therefore caused national humiliation. With the people of Russia humiliated, they began the 1905 Revolution. An example of one of the intimately humiliating Russian defeats during the war was the Battle of Tsushima in May of 1905.The Russians move 35 battleshi ps from northern Europe to Japan. As the north of Russia was frozen over, the Russian hap was forced to go past Africa and of an 8 month journey. When the Russian fleet finally arrived, they were overwhelmed and lost 25 of their initial 35 ships. The decisions made during this plosive lead to the military losing loyalty in the Tsar, for example, the strikes in Odessa. All of these problems and the feature the huge empire of Russia lose to a country that many had never heard of made Russians very humiliated. However, many argue that this did not cause the outbreak of the revolution, that only adding to the opposition of the autocratic Tsar and prolonging the revolution. The Russo-Japanese war also brought great economic problems for Russia. This meant there was a huge lack of money to try to enlighten the other problems which Russia was faced with which makes the Russo-Japanese war partly responsible for the 1905 revolution.The price of the war was huge due to the sustain issue s as Russia is a huge country, and with the war resulting in failure, nothing was gained from the territories. Russia was already had a huge economic problem as they had to borrow lots of from other empires like Great Britain and France. As Russia could not endow in her economy, and that Russia was borrowing from other great reasons, it also made the Russians feel humiliated. The lack of funds also means that Russia could not improveworking and vitality conditions in both rural and urban areas. This reduced the Russians national pride. The economic problems meant that Russia could not sort out all of the other problems that the Russians faced in this period all because of the Russo-Japanese war which means that it was a huge factor in the 1905 Revolution.There were also many political reasons why the Russo-Japanese war may receive been responsible for the 1905 revolution and what many people cerebrate to be the most important. The war was fought on the eastern side of Russia ne ar Japan, as the Russians wanted to transfix Port Arthur, and was far away from where the majority of the population lived which is why many Russians felt left out of it as the news of the Russians progress was so slow down to travel which lead to a lack of interest and enthusiasm for the war. This left people out of the issue which made public opinion turn against the war as they could see little justification for it. Even more important was the fact that the Russian military had a lack of resources due to the lack of transport and were not very equipped for the war. If this was the situation in any case, it would show weakness within the leadership and make people turn away from them. This is what happened amid the Russians and the Tsar as they thought that he had failed his army. If the Russian people were to turn away, they would have to look somewhere else.Many looked towards political assorts who were prepared to take action. The political implications of the Russo-Japanes e war was a major cause of the 1905 Revolution as support left the Tsar and went to political groups which many believed could take his place. However, many people believe that the Russo-Japanese was not the only cause for the outbreak of the 1905 revolution. During this period, there were many growing political groups which many believed would be better than the Tsar because of their more radical thinking. The Russians in the main supported the Populists the Social Revolutionaries, the Social Democrats and the Liberals. Throughout the years the groups were slowly providing more opposition to the Tsar and each other. The most radical, and in some ways successful, group was the Social Revolutionaries (SR). The SR was heavily against the Tsar and his regimes. They opposed by assassinating many members of the government including the Minister of the Interior, Plehve in 1904 and Sergei.The SR became hugely popular due to their radicalism and the fact they are getting closer to their go al than many other political groups which lead to thepublic supporting them as opposed to the Tsar causing the 1905 revolution. some other big reason why the 1905 revolution was cause was Russias lack of Political reform and the doubts in Russias Tsar. As Russia lacked a democratic parliament, it was only through extreme actions that the publics voice could be heard. The lack of a nation parliament was due to Alexander II whirl the Zemstva Act and the Statute of State Security Act. The people of Russia were also against Nicholas II as a character and leader. It was believed that Nicholas Ii did not have the personal attributes needful to help get Russia out of their various problems. He was often described as shy and quiet. This may be because he was in power unexpectedly after the premature death of his father. Nether the less, these problems caused the public to lose faith in both Nicholas and the policies which is a strong cause for the 1905 revolution.Finally, one of the mos t important causes of the 1905 revolution was the economic troubles in the rural areas of the country. It was not only the peasants but the landowners too who were in deep economic problems. Russia used to have an bucolic side to it, however, during this period, agriculture was very behind that of other countries. Nothing had been done about this under Wittes system. As the situation was never treated, the land became unfertilised and famines became quite regular, the worst case of this was in 1891. There were also more in 1902 and 1905 which may have triggered the peasants for revolution. In 1861, the Emancipation of the Serfs Act set the peasants free. However, they were fastened to village communities and were not allowed to leave without permission. This inflated the peasants anger over the next few decades.The Landowners were also in huge debt after selling their land to the government. This strained the relationship between the Tsar and the peasants as Nicholas II has no f unds to help any of them. This is a huge cause for the 1905 revolution. In conclusion, the Russo-Japanese war was a huge factor for revolution in 1905 as it leads to military, political and economic problems in Russian. However, there were also many problems in Russia onwards the War. However, many of the problems in the Russo-Japanese happened after the revolution had started, therefore either delaying the end or worsening the current situation. In my opinion, the Russo-Japanese war made the problems already which were lively in Russia worst, such as the economic problems, leading to the 1905 revolution.

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Essay Example for Free

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Es theorizeAbstract He was the most leading emissary and practitioner of the reggae melody genre. He embodies its spirit and spreads its message to all the ends of the earth. move Marleys exceptional songs incorporate the stylistic range of the contemporary medicament of Jamaica spanning ska, rock steady, and eventually reggae. He transported this medicament further as a social force with satisfyingnesswide appeal. No otherwise musician was able to transform the cultural as well as musical landscape as significantly as the son from the slums did. dock Marley From the Slums to the Superstar StatusThe art object is like a hero in the true legends of old. He lived at a time when the concept of One sphere, One Love inspired by the religion he believes in was starting to be felt and heard. He lived a remarkable life. It remains to have an increasing and utterly strong resonance. His was a life that represents several occasions of myst ical wilderness, gangdom wars, artistic as well as metaphysical insights, and political cruelty. He has reached a wide audience and his influence continues to spread. His apocalyptic truths be life-changing and inspiring as further as his Western audiences are concerned.His influence extends a great deal further in the Third World region. His impact goes beyond the confines of his inseparable country. He has also touched the lives of the people in certain picks of West Africa, the Maoris of New Zealand, in India and Indonesia as well as the Hopi Indians in New Mexico (Moskowitz, 2007). To these people, he was a redeemer. The elements which contributed to his exceptional works are his talent, his understanding, the love he has to give, and the sadness he felt for the society into which he was born.In his demise, he left a great deal of brilliant music from where people have taken inspiration and lessons appear of. A piece from a country that belongs to the Third World was able to transcend seeming boundaries. His only tools were his philosophical wisdom and natural humility. He is considered to be the most valuable artist of the 20th coulomb (Toynbee, 2007). He has left an evocative and exceptional music to the world. His music has outlived him. Truly, the songs he made are non only universal but timeless too. Robert Nesta Marley became the setoff and maybe the only big name to surface from the third world.From his meager root, he has grown to become a homophile of major import and impact that his assay assassination has political motivations. His musical influence is still felt. He became the first reggae artist to release a full-length LP that instantaneously transform the 30 division old marketing model (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from its commercial success, his music has a universal quality that is able to surpass language, social position, and nationality. Bob Marley was a boy from the slums of Jamaica. It was where his music drew inspiration from. His life ended too soon.Nonetheless, he is an artist that was well loved the world over. His superstar status continues to rage on. As a biracial son, his was an unhappy childhood. At a young age, he was already exposed to a society that is cruel and racist. Still, together with the bands he has formed and the music he has played, Bob Marley was able to realize success not only in his native country but even across the globe. His under submit is of particular essence. He was the first to repeal to the ranks of superstar status, the first from a Third World country, that is.He was one of the rebellious and charismatic artists of recent archives whose music reflects his humble origin. Jamaicas history of slavery lingers on the memory of its people. Slavery has filtered through the very heart of Bob Marleys native country, from the mid-nineteenth century plantations to the popular music of recent times. Even though it has been eradicated demeanor back in 1834, the Africans an d their offspring started to develop a culture of their own from what is left from their handed-down focussing of life and combining them with other British traditions (Moskowitz, 2007).Precisely, such mixed culture had certain similarities with the rising society of people of color in the unify States. Still, Bob Marleys native country remained to be a rural community that exclusive of the industrialization of its northern neighbor was more strongly habituate to its African heritage. Bob Marley was able to leave behind numerous songs even though his life was relatively short-lived. Not like other songwriters, he was took part in all phases of creation of his music.Bob Marley penned the lyrics of his songs, he worked on the instrumental parts, his was found inside the control room bit in the process of place down his tracks (Moskowitz, 2007). Moreover, he also took part in the overdubbing and editing process involved in the creation of his music. His music was essentially re ggae that it practically cornered the roots reggae term. Bobs rhythm dent initiated what came to be called as the one drop rhythm. The term refers to the standard roots reggae groove.It can be done by accenting the drum only on beat three of a quaternary beat measure. Normally, in Western Europes classical music, the emphasizing is placed on beats one and three of a four beat measure. On the other hand, the second and fourth beats of a four beat measure are accentuated in the American rock and roll music (Moskowitz, 2007). The unique rhythm set his apart from the ones he has grown accustomed to. Such rhythm gave his music a distinct Jamaican character. Moreover, the piece of music was likewise a skilled lyricist.He was able to construct expressively the right way chains of words which are apparently pleasant to the ears yet contain serious punches the moment their meanings are explored. Bob Marley was able to extract the sense as well as the emotion out of every word and then s killfully conceal them in laid-back island-sounding music. It was his intention. If Bob Marleys songs were quite intelligibly venomous or political, perhaps it could not have crossed over into the airwaves or has gained commercial success. He exhibited a kind of front which manifested itself in the way he carried himself and the way he looked.He was usually seen dressed up in pants, shirts, boots, and stocking hats or tams (Moskowitz, 2007). While performing, Bob Marley usually fell into a trance-like state as he sings his songs. Bob Marley sings with eyes closed as he flails his arms and his dreadlocks swings to the rhythm. This is the character that is distinctly Bob Marley. He became the foremost star from the supposed world music (Stephens, 1999). Born to a biracial family in the course of instruction 1945, he was exposed to the extraordinary musical culture of his native country in the 1950s.The American rhythm and blues, the rumba and calypso of the Caribbean, the ballroom leap of Europe, the Protestant Revivalist hymns, and the drumming sounds of African music are the songs he has heard while growing up (Frith, shuck and Street, 2001). Attached to the networks which connected Jamaican families to the North American and English communities, part of a local hotel circuit and inter-island club, as far as the popular musicians of Jamaica is concerned, the local was already the globular (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). In the family 1962, Bob Marley cut his first records as a singer (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001).He was only 17 years old at that time. The following year, he assembled a vocal group which came to be cognise as the Wailers. excite by existing American soul acts like Curtis Mayfields Impressions, Bob Marley and his band were used by their promoter, Coxsone Dodd, as an in-house vocal group to front any(prenominal) was fashionable at that time on the local dance floor. They then covered versions of international soul and pop hits, ska, rocksteady. In 1963 and 1966, they were able to release more or less eighty singles with enough hits to launch the group as Jamaicas most successful.However, in 1966 the group was reduced to a vocal trio which include Bob Marley, his childhood friend, Bunny Livingstone, and Peter Tosh. The stripped-down vocal group that recruited the Barrett brothers, Carlton and Aston to play the drums and bass, dedicated themselves to reticular activating systemtafarianism and started working with producer Lee Perry, who added a rhythm section and encouraged them to come up with their unique sound and material (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). The Wailers records around this time were instrumental in defining reggae as a music genre.It was also during this time that Bob Marley started to make his mark onto the British pop. A Jamaican music entrepreneur by the name of Chris Blackwell, who was concerned in supplying reggae records to the British Jamaican community through the Trojan label and was d eveloping new rock acts under his Island label, heard the new Wailers sound and came into a identification that his two markets need not be separated from one another (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). He believed that the reggae music of the Wailers can be sold to rock fans.His first Island album entitled Catch a Fire which was released in 1973 serves as a blueprint for international music marketing (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). It can not be denied that the Wailers distinction lies not only in the complexity and dynamism of reggae as compared to rock music, but in the exotic quality of Rastafarianism itself. Their songs became perceptible in the production standards, the enhanced guitar accompaniment and of course, the distinct voice of Bob Marley (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His religion and music as it appears covers an ancient mysticism that is quite fit for the shanty town of his origin.There is certainly something of the prophet about him which makes him unique from t he other popular music stars and allows diverse constituencies to grab him. To a certain degree, it has something to do with Bob Marleys mission, a passionate drive to create music and in the process, proclaim the truth about the world. Still, to some extent, it can be attributed to the mans poetic vision, taken in equivalent measure from the King James Bible and patwa, the creole language of Jamaica (Toynbee, 2007). Moreover, it has something to do with the mystery of his life. His mother is sullen while his father is white.He was born in a colonial island in the Caribbean. Nonetheless, the boy of humble decent became one of the most respectable superstars the world has ever known. Many years have already past since his demise but he remains to be that superstar from the third world to rise to such phenomenal status. Undeniably, all of the aforementioned factors are of the essence. However, the most vital component in the creation of Bob Marleys Messianic aura lies in the careful and effective repackaging of his music by the culture industry at a time when the legendary artist is already gone.If the measure of celebrity status is based on amount, in the sense that the more people know who a certain person is, the more famous that person is considered to be, it is safe to say therefore that Bob Marley is quite a very famous celebrity (Toynbee, 2007). He has long been gone yet his music lives on. His audience still exists. Perhaps, he is indeed the most popular musical figure of the modern times. Certainly, in the north and west of the global market, figures do give some indication of the mans celebrity status.There is the existence of cumulative sales, for instance. In the year 2005, Bob Marleys albums have earned sales amounting to 16. 5 million in the United States alone (Toynbee, 2007). In 2005, he placed twelfth in the Forbes list of Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. The list was based on total yearly revenue enhancement which takes into account earnings gen erated not purely from record sales but counting as well those earned from the exploitation of merchandising, licensing deals, and copyright to name a few. It gives a more rounded gauge of celebrity status in comparison to record sales.Such list even reflects worldwide earnings (Toynbee, 2007). However, the global factor of such figures from the cultural industries barely arrives at the mans status in the marginal regions around the globe. Here, his audiences listen to his music on cassette tapes which are generally copied and spread outside official music industry channels. Statistics are not available for such kind of activity. There is even no way to measure the circulation of images of the man in the form of drawings and posters, or the proliferation of tales about him.There is also no available statistics to tell the number of local musicians playing his songs, or have simply considered him as the inspiration in their respective musical careers. To be considered popular exclusi ve of buying power, even when it accounts to the millions, has not so much value in the cultural industries in the center of the global system (Toynbee, 2007). To be famous means to have a greater social importance even when measures are not registered commercially. That kind of distinction bucks the system, signifying that there are certain autonomous tendencies working on.In that light, and considering anecdote and some somewhat undependable verifications it appears to be logical to state that in the international south, Bob Marley is certainly quite famous. Combining such assessments with the available statistics, it can be concluded that the man is a universal superstar of the present day (Toynbee, 2007). The sheer geographical stretch of his achievements is visibly noteworthy. However, it also has an unusual quality. Bob Marley is not only a superstar.He is a third world star who traces his roots from the small Caribbean island of Jamaica, and eventually securing an audience and a particular resonance across the underprivileged citizens from the gray part of the world. Remarkably, he remains to be the only figure of this kind. Certainly, there are other successful artists who hailed from the margins, for instance form what came to be known as world music (Toynbee, 2007). Produced primarily in former colonies beginning in the middle part of the 1980s, world music has been secured an audience from the middle-class market in the highly developed capitalist nations of the world.Nonetheless, it remains to be a small niche, representing only 2 per cent of worldwide recorded music sales (Toynbee, 2007). Bob Marley was ultimately to surface as the first reggae superstar, even though the Wailers success created conflicts within the group. Prior to the third album, Natty Dread which was released in 1974, Livingston and Tosh were refusing to go on another exhausting tour of the United States and Britain (Hebdige, 1990). Bob Marley revised the line-up for the 1975 tour. He hired musicians and added a female backing group which came to be known as the I-Threes.He toured Africa, Europe, and North America over the next few years. He even produced a live album called the Wailers Live and three other LPs for Island Records, namely, Rastaman Vibration, Exodus and Kaya. During his final years, he gained the respect of not only his fellow Jamaicans but also of other music critics and audiences the world over (Hebdige, 1990). In the year 1976, the album entitled Rastaman Vibration broke into the hit charts in America (Hebdige, 1990). For most people, the aforementioned album was yet the most obvious display of the mans beliefs and music.The worldwide success received by this album strengthened the increasing political importance of Bob Marley in his native town wherein his Rastafarian views reverberated clearly among the ghetto youth. As a gesture of thanksgiving to his fellow Jamaicans, he made a decision to stage a free concert at the National Hero es Park in Kingston scheduled on the 5th day of December 1976 (Moskowitz, 2007). The concert was intended to stress the need for peace in the city slums where rival groups have caused murder and chaos. He became a major target for politically motivated violence because of his fame.Shortly following the announcement of the concert, the presidential term declared a December 20th election (Hebdige, 1990). It signaled another ghetto war. Before the scheduled concert, armed men forced an entry into the house of Bob Marley and fire a gun at him. Unfortunately, it was just an attempted assassination. For a while, he thought about whether or not to push through with the concert. Nonetheless, he came out on stage on the scheduled date in defiance of his would-be assassins. Right later the concert, he left his native country for London.He then settled on the English city and recorded another album (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His fellow Jamaican artists have taken advantage of the ric e beer in roots reggae which the man has inspired. Groups like the Burning Spear and Culture, the Third World, the Gladiators as well as the Mighty Diamonds have all toured outside of their native country attracted a huge following among young white rock fanatics (Hebdige, 1990). Bunny Livingston and Peter Tosh have both gone on to produce successful solo hits, and they have refused to stay at a far distance from their musical roots.On Toshs albums entitled Equal Rights and legitimise It, his audience saw a man who is just as angry as he was back in the old Wailers days when he penned the songs such as Get up, Stand up and 400 Years. On the other hand the Blackheart Man album of Bunny Livingston was his tribute to his fellow Rastas. both(prenominal) Livingston and Toshs albums sold well in the United States and Europe. Tosh even conquered his distaste of touring when he visited Britain way back in 1979. Even Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus, whose music is based on conventional R asta drumming have toured Britain and played before a white audience (Hebdige, 1990).All of the aforementioned achievements are in the end, owed to the larger success of the man himself. However, part of the reason why his music reached soaring heights is that his musical compositions are basically pleasant-sounding. His brand of music is perpetually sweet sounding although the lyrics contain critical commentaries about the colonial system. Similar to the calypso artists, he knew how to convey his message across behind a enunciate refrain. It is the classic Caribbean package of harsh social criticism concealed in a easy-sounding and uplifting rhythm.He was effectively causing the Western world dance to the rhythm of the prophecies of their own fall (Hebdige, 1990). With the kind of violent society that Bob Marley had surfaced from and rose above, his death seems quite a cruel stroke of fate. It was in the year 1977 when the doctors surgically removed a portion of his toe which had been wounded in a soccer game (Moskowitz, 2007). The doctors found a cancerous lump on his toe. In 1980, while jogging at Central Park, he suddenly collapsed.When he was brought to the hospital, the doctors discovered that the cancer has already spread to other parts of his body. In less than a year later, he succumbed to death. He was all of 36 years old at that time. Even though he died young, the heartbeat reggae rhythms of the capacious amount of songs he made have endured. The legend of Bob Marley has transcended the years. Furthermore, his music and charismatic persona has effected a transformation to his native country. On the twenty-first day of May 1981, Bob Marley was laid to his final resting place with full state honors.In a great paradox, considering the loathed position that Rastafarians and their music once has in Jamaica, One Love, the antiwar reggae song of Bob Marley was adapted by the countrys tourist board as a theme song. In the mean time, his music kept on fi nding its audience. Garnering sales which amounted to over 10 million in the United States alone, the Legend best of covering the Island Records days from 1972 until 1981 is still the popular record of a Jamaican artist and the best-selling reggae album of all time (Moskowitz, 2007). This mans influence in the music scene during his life and even after is certainly extraordinary.Together with his band, he has sold over 21 million starting in 1991 (Moskowitz, 2007). The figures have not been collected until after 10 years has passed since the time of his death. Moreover, he was bestowed with the Jamaican Order of Merit, received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, became a Rock and Roll Hall of Famer, and was prestigious with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from the aforementioned and all the other awards he has received during his lifetime and even after his death, the real measure of his worth is time itself. He was long gone.Nonetheless, his music is still as relevant, remarkable and popular as it was at the time it was initially released in the market. The hypnotic and loping beats of reggae music bear a distinct signature which climbed to the 1970s music scene on the forefront, primarily through the music of Bob Marley and his band under the Tuff and Island recording labels. The songs they made, particularly the ones included in the Rastaman and Natty Dread albums remain to be the landmarks of reggae that served as the voice of the disfranchised and impoverished Jamaicans and, by extension, to the people of the world.Through his music, Bob Marley was able to fill them with dignity and pride of heritage, no matter how sad real life seems to be. Furthermore, his reggae music hits gave cadenced boost which has what he prefers to call positive vibrations to those who listen to them. No matter how his sound was perceived, be it the dance music with a strong political hint or political music fit for dancing, the music of Bob Marley is a powerful remedy for difficult times. References Frith, S. , Straw, W. , Street, J.(2001). The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. New York Cambridge University Press. Hebdige, D. (1990). Cut n Mix Culture, Identity, and Caribbean Music. New York Routledge. Moskowitz, D. V. (2007). Bob Marley A Biography. California Greenwood Publishing Group. Stephens, G. (1999). On Racial Frontiers The New Culture of Frederick Douglas, Ralph Ellison, and Bob Marley. New York Cambridge University Press. Toynbee, J. (2007). Bob Marley Herald of a Postcolonial World? Cambridge Polity.

HUM History and Methods of Science Essay Example for Free

HUM History and Methods of Science EssaySocial views and culture denoted scientist, in general, as individuals who exist different from the common society. This idea is mainly because scientists live with a strong conviction to their field and their reasoning is widely based on the data-based side of the environment they lived in. Because of this, scientist cultures and lifestyles are significantly abnormal with their governing philosophies and scientific principles. The aspect of communication is also included in the human cultures and philosophies that are affected by the conviction in the scientific world. In this idea, scientists do tend to communicate with their colleagues in a manner, which is significant based on their scientific principles. there communication is widely empirical in nature that they tend to express themselves and reason out through proving the validity of their statement in an empirical nature. Scientists opinions and ideas are always supported with fa ctual and scientific proofs whenever they share it with their colleagues.Through this manner, scientist can and are ready to defend the validity of their statements whenever they communicate with their fellow scientist as they are all governed by their scientific principles and philosophies. Another common trend in the communication aspects of the scientist is that they tend to relate each of their opinions and ideas to other scientific concepts or factual events and phenomenon. This is probably habitual in nature, as their profession requires them to be open-minded and critical in their field.Their communication aspect is often critical and uninflected in nature whenever they state something or dispute an idea. Hus, from this concepts and ideas, one can actually see that profession indeed such as the field of apprehension can affect the human culture and personal behavior of an individual as with the case of the society of scientist. In this concept, the behavior of scientist tow ards their profession becomes habitual in nature thus affecting their innate and personal communication aspect in general.

Catalonia: History of Independence

Catalonia History of Independence1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historically supressed persona at heart Spain. After 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan Nationalism. Most recently the Catalan vicinity has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy tell aparts priority indoors the region which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The report showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and futurity threats atomic number 18 key c oncerns. The report highlights the grievances at heart the region, that subscribe to been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction Europe is experiencing modern day separationism, with surely over 25 active separatist movements. Spain is the well-nigh divided commonwealth in spite of appearance Europe having experienced the intimately civic state of wars of each country. Catalonia is t he most profitable region in the north west of Spain do more or less 20 billion a family (BBC news 2013). They drive recently called for a nonher referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attendance step during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which imparted in Arthur mass, Catalonias president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this whitethorn not continue as an emergence of sequestration could continue as theo boundd base upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who atomic number 18 allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding vote of no and to stay within the United Kingdom (The fin ancial times 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European substance, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. inside Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a united Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is not being presented in a positively. Withinthis report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical andhistorical contexts to better sympathize the separatist movement withinCatalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of theCatalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it allowbe obtained peacefully.3.0 Research context To regard the current situation within Catalonia its place within theories mustbe examined. Nationalism is d elimitate as a policy-making programme. It consists ofgroups of pot who define as nations who form territorial states that have asingle language (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) state within hisspeech that a nation was a group of pluralityunited by a mis flummoxn view almost the past and a hat bolshie of their neighbours. Thisnation joins biographies to have one common historical memorial (Calhoun1993). Nations and nationalism keister be acomplex definition with more theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with manyscholars by seeing nationalism as an imaginary political community. He statesthat Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, butby the style in which they are imaginedErnest Gellner (1983) said that nationalism is primarily apolitical principle that holds the political and the national unit should becongruent. Gellner believes that nationalism was roughthing that the modernworld needed sociol ogically and mainly focuses on modernisation andindustrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner governing that he hadmisread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism(Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that the modern world had becomeinconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalismBruielly(1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals orprofessionals miss out on central flight opportunities this may lead to arise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed by essence ofintellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedouries theoryabout indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned tonationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to findthem suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)Nairn(1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective.He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomenon which asshole be seen to be a crossway of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation ofnationalism is refered with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006).Foc utiliseon Europe, Woodrow Wilsons had a bigger impact on the Versailles calm host that began outside of capital of France in 1919.He had a plan to divide Europe it into ethnic-linguistic territorial states.The project was impracticable as well as dangerous, the approach of this feat wouldhave been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannotbe born theyre made in response to international incentive and power policies(Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict inEuropean story (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there werecurrently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. Themovements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority arenon-violent. Separatism is mainly data linked to nationalism and their ideologies.There have been two consecutive waves of separatism. In the 1950s the startleseparatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questionedthe legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closelyfollowed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960stoward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990s. The second wavewas surrounded by the suppression of citizenrys rights and liberties under thecommunist governments (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001).late(a)separatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by thecommon notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state asthey failed to deal with this, however there was in any case territorial divisionswithin the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethnicity andnationality (Agnew 2001)Guibernau(2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined andgoverned by the state. Stateless nations can hump cultural or political self-sufficiency based upon the states decision. In most cases within a region that istrying to be key their nation, the political issues that have arisen arebased upon earlier governmental experiences of nation building. States andnations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities withimperishable collectivises. (Brubaker 1996)Toestablish friendly cohesion for a nation building project a common individualism mustbe established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful tool in doing this. Itallows for people to bring the communities panics together by reducingembarrassment about speaking a native language.(Webber 1991 Trueta 2008)TheCatalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975)had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This thenmeant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. Hisregime created tensions in the countrys political system. It believed that Spainconsists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). Whendemocracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressingthe regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independentmetropolis (Mellon,2008) Inhistory by 1898, the ultranationalistic movements of Catalonia and the Basque countryhad emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identitythreatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005 PozoAndrs and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however inmore recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again(Muro 2005). Spain is not however a dinner gown federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power toseventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities in a system that iscalled the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). Thisis un diverseiated with the theory that contemporary separatism i s the product ofthe rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nationbuilding project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build trueCatalan culture through with(predicate) language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas,2014). Catalonians withal express this through rituals and festivities such as humantowers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led bylinguistics and a traversed configuration with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014that have distributor pointd a transformation in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-daydisparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context Tounderstand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it isimportant to understand the common historical autobiography within the state. Startingwith the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political andeconomic decline, receivable to the successive waves of the great plague. By 13 65Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th centuryBarcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15thcentury the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime powerthat once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was atransition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have moreof an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of thereappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castilegiving them harsh treatment. Thewar of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unificationand was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V reinforced a fort (theCiutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He illegalizened writing and teaching inCatalan and distributed Catalonias possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991)This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regimeoccupation (Gibernau 2000 Gibernau 2014). T he events that took place startedthe process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno1988)In the18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. TheNapoleonic violation devastated the country and lead to political instability(Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes andcreated confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of asociety that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalizationwas happening around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisationunder the bourbons. They forcibly usualised the Castilian law and the institutions,they were creating a modern centralised state and this was completed in 1812.(Giner,1980) The trade unionmovement after World War One was led by the Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) whichhad 80& of the cities bunkers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave ofstrikes and union leadership were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel prim o Riverahad conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Riverasrepression ended in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In1931 the formation of a Spains republic this was driven by the EsquerraRepublicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuineautonomy (Guibernau 2014 Illas 2014). The class system of the society at thattime was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances inurbanisation. (Giner 1980). The genuineautonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result ofthe Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Francos Victory in thewar he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castileas the ethnic core of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people(Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals andlanguage speakers. The education system feat ured no Catalan and the street names were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propagandachanged the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and comradedleftists and anti-Spain figures as a cancer of the nation that needed to becured (Richards 1998) The Catalonianpopulation increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other partsof Spain during the 1960s and 1970s (Serrano 2013). During this time,Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a political opposition to thedictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded theCatalan identity (Muro 2005). After Francos death in 1975, a central part of theregional policy was to promote the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian wasdefined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which hadgranted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people tochange the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online60% of people in Catalonia spe ak Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Cataloniansspoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose inthe 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomouscommunities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identityand independence emerge (Muro 2005 Serreno 2013).5.0 Discussion Nationalismchanges all the rules a nations existence is based upon the past experiencesand it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however isnot as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can bedifferent (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previousnation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of theirown culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times asmentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident(Smith 1998). In thefight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of theEuropean un ion is important, as there are bullnecked ties with Spain and theEuropean single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance tothat in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that itshould too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay trueto democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certaincircumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016)Brexitin the UK isnt good news as it questions the European project. An MP calledCiudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21stcentury. antecedently however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez wouldwelcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (TheIndependent 2015) Therise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalangovernment fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan2015). Previous grievances have molded Catalonia culture and the desire tor eturn to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fallinto Renans definition in 1882 of a nation agroup of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighboursas the public polls shine a rise of opinion of violence in the region. ArthurMas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemedpoll will also be a yell for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financialtimes 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology 6.1.1 Day 1 Observational study oflandscape Figure 1 The route that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational exercise Thestreetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area wascarried out in humble groups. These groups cover different areas all meetingback at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure1. Theresults of the small groups were feature to gain a large-scale view of thearea. Along this route elements that are see n to represent the Catalan conflictwere taken note of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names andpolitical posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen topotentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format theroute walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a smalldiscussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. Thedifferences in areas we walked through was say as the route lead to a touristarea however was through mainly residential streets.6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative Aguided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that maycommemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the date in which the monumentwas erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it iscommemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture andhistory is withdrawed within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments werenoted such as what way the history is shown and If t he monument represents oneside more. Togauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centreand memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story theyare telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), andobservations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present withinthe museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Isthere a main language? To seewhether the people within the museum either working or visiting understood itsrole, a semifinal structured interview was carried out. The questions asked recorded theirunderstanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whetherany part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews Amethod of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitativeselective information on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilstgathering information about the person in question. The questions that wereasked wereAre you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you content with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence?Do you think this will be achieved peacefully?Thesequestions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person,the language in which they see to be their language, their politicalparticipation, their views about the last referendum and views on futureindependence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohenand Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviewsas you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlightthe importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the sameinformation to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results arecomparable and the results are collated. With a large sampl e taken the resultscould be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls thathave been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region havechanged over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative DataAquantitative data collection in the form of a social photograph survey.Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. Thesurvey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agreewith the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statementsrepresented the social, economic, environmental and political situations alongwith opinions on the future of Catalonia.This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed theresults to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiplemethods stated within Duffys (1987)s topics shows that this method gives acomplete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational Survey Fromthe transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city hasundergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observationsgeneralities were made as things detect could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelonaby saying that the city was the Paris of Spain. The first notable feature wasthat of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks.Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalanpeople they associate his work with a period called Renaixena, which tried toshow better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city.TheFlags that were on the residential buildings held much deduction to how theystood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly blendn onbuildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the fl agsonly stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential areadiffered, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. Theycan send a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in whichthe Catalan people are not algophobic to change, with a flag holding greatsignificance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send astrong political message (Borgen, 2010). Alongside the Catalan flag EU flagswere found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independencecome an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay withinthe unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels insituations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalismin the last referendum with the fear of go forth the European Union. TheScottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. TheCatalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area pr incipaltowards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as thesewere mainly political or service providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should beflown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a politicalview, then both flags would be outside of the building. two flags wereobserved on hotels and tourist areas. Insome areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty toan area. For example,a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3 (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. Thestreet names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have beeninfluences from Catalan (figure 4a).The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished.The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi it is a statement of the Catalanculture and is the most visited place within Spain. Throughout the streetscape we encounter edpolitical graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions ofpeople within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4 (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads Anti-Fascist Area. 7.2.2 MonumentsMonumentsplay an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture.Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their politicalmessage for an independent Catalonia. Theplaza de Torro monumental is a bull fighting ring that existed in the 20thcentury. The building is influences by Islamic design replicating dcor fromthe previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building at present has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as theyhad ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from theculture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelonain 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc linksBarcelonas medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, withthe Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park hasa Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show howadvanced the people of Barcelona were. desire many other cities have done in thepast, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand projectthat took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to itwas Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealisingwomen and sexism that existed at that time. A band stand within the Cuitedella Park wasdedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized thecities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalanstatue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first andsecond war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regimewith its implements of war being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) wasobserved within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seento be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714.This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11thof September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. Thesymbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview Tounderstand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalanpeople, three institutions were visited to understand how they wererepresenting the history of their culture. The first site visited was theChristopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universalexpedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor inBarcelona however said that the city should not be celebrating the explorerscolonial legacy (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians fe elingstoward colonialization and suppression. Thesecond Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institutionhas 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from thebottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flowhaving recent achievements from the 21st century. An observationmade was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls werered and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have beenintentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalanculture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi,structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanishpeople will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is theCatalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted insaying that the museum celebrated his heritage and that it has influence inthe separatist movement. Sympatheticlanguage wa s used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorshipsection said the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of itsnationhood strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptivewords were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression ofCatalonias identity. Another example of this read in the museum was languagewas a decelerate and uneven process. The Catalonian history is showing the notion ofseparatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person atthe museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish believe that this is allmade up showing Spains undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as anation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places thatdeliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007)The el born centre showcases the streetscapewithin Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscaperepresents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, thearcha eologists could have kept excavating and gotten to a roman street. Theystopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when itwas a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation thatthere were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally tradingtown. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the ElBorne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum willconnect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had beencontroversial. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and hisdictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months howeverit took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. Thehostility and want to forget the dark period of Francos dictatorship isevident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is topromote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of thenation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievancesthat are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 GrievancesCatalonia has a key set of grievances towardsthe Spanish state shown in Figure 5.A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money thatthe state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historicalgrievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modernindustrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Cataloniaare financial parasites that dont provide enough for Spain. Catalonia todayhas a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. Thepeople of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own fundingwhen new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visitedregion within Spain. The media and television play a large part inleft and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views thisway. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the powerto control the media modifies culture and is necessary for the homogenisationof the state. (Gellner 1983)Sport is an important cultural event for Catalanpeople. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation ofthe Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17thminute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout Independenceas this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state.Language is important when expressing cultureand the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically(Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has beensupressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognisedinternationally. 7.2.5 Surveyr esults A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesisof will Catalonia resort to violence togain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Theresults obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from theCatalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample sizeand closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The surveywas conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplace readyd majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linkedwith how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentagebetween the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not thathigh. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happeningin the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed.Triggers such as that would p rovoke a sense of undermining and this mayincrease the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has hadsuch events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representationof some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediationstage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have notyet concluded what they want. Figure 6 Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled. 5.2.6 Social Vulnerability SurveyTheseresults are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The thoroughgoing number of respondents was 139. Figure 7 Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. Thecloser the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though itis. With the survey showing that people are worried about the governance,environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. Theeconomy is not a worrying agent a s there has been on the rise since 2008 afterthe recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. Inregards to the environment, water is not equally dispersed across the region.The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, whichwas pointed out by a shop steward during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion Toconclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. Theconflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figurecould change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will startechoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to acceptthe hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort toviolence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum whenother democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with themnot being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yetdisappeared. This is reflect ed on the social vulnerability results withgovernance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations Thekey recommendations for peace within the region are Allowingthe Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help in up(p) infrastructure. Themedia needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscaldeficit needs improved and theres a lot of tension towards Spain and theuneven taxingGentrificationof city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would beworking in the city. Toallow for an official referendum. BibliographyAgnew,J., 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), pp.103111. Anderson,B. 1983 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNationalism London Verso. AndersonB (2006) Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNationalism, revised edn. London VersoAshworth, G.J., Graham, B.J. and Tunbridge,J.E., 2007.Pluralising pastsheritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. 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The Catalan language xprogress towards normalisation,Trueta, M.S., Bulls and donkeys. Nationalidentity and symbols in Catalonia and Spain. AQM A utensil of Congestion Control in NetworksAQM A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks Saira Saeed, Bilal Shams,Abstract Congestion in the network occurs when boss or link carries so much data that its quality of service downgrade. Active queue management is the most well-known algorithmic rule to control congestion in the network. This paper discussed some of the queue distance based and load based algorithms in AQM, we also highlighted its pros and cons.Keyword congestion, Active queue management1. Introduction Congestion can take place at sensors that receive more data than its maximum forwarding rate. These consequences in long delay in data delivery and wasting of resources due to lost or dropped portions. When congestion occurs in network the Quality of service will disturb which is an important feature in sending data from node to another. When caramel brown well over the big bucks drops so it would increase the energy consumptions of a sensor as the packets need to be retransmitted. Higher packet drops will also reduce the throughput of the data. Some multimedia data such as voice and video are critical to time delay 1. Thus, congestion needs to be controlled to ensure that the end-to-end delay is also minimized.2. Active queue management (AQM)The role of Active Queue Management (AQM) in IP networks was to balance the work of end-system protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in congestion control hence to enlarge network utilization, and limit packet loss and delay.2 AQM is a arrangement which shares bandwidth fairly and control congestion over the routers/internet. According to the congestion metric active queue management has classified in to queue duration based, load based and queue length and load based.Fig.2. Classification of AQM scheme. 3Congestion is observed by average queue length in queue based schemes, and the control aspires to stabilize the queue length. The downside of queue based scheme is that a b acklog is inherently required. Load based schemes precisely predict the utilization of the link, and determine congestion and take actions based on the packet arrival rate. Rate-based schemes can grant Early feedback for congestion. The goals of the load based AQMs are to alleviate rate pair between enqueue and dequeue, and achieve low loss, low delay and high link utilization. The third AQM scheme is the combination of load based and queue length which bank bill congestion and get a tradeoff between queues stability and responsiveness. 3In this paper we just discussed the queue length based and load based briefly.3. AQMs ground On Queue Length Merit.3.1. Random Early maculation (RED).The main objectives of RED is to minimize packet loss and queuing delay, avoid global synchronization of sources, bear high link utilization, and remove biases against bursty flows. RED avoids congestion early and delivers congestion notification to the end source and allows them to reduce the tra nsmission rate before overflow occurs. To reduce the delay of flows RED keeps the queue size full. RED maintains an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) of the queue length which is used to detect early congestion. When average queue length greater than min threshold, packets are randomly dropped or marked with explicitly congestion notification (ECN). 45 When average queue length greater max threshold all packets are dropped or marked.Fig.3. RED algorithm 33.2. FRED (Fair random early detection)FRED is modified version of RED therefore it reduces the seediness of RED. Inside the internet route FRED maintains state information for every flow. When different types of traffic shares one link, RED allows unfair bandwidth sharing because RED does not take the bandwidth utilization of the flow into account when move packets. The author proposes FRED as solution. The main objective of fair random flow is to provide different strategies of dropping to different kind of flows. F lows that take more bandwidth shall be isolated where as low speed and bursty flows should be protected and safe from dropping. survey2FRED maintains queue size of per flow and drops packets conditionally comparing per flow queue size with average per flow queue. Fig.4. FRED Algorithm 43.3. dampen (Choose and Keep for responsive flows, Choose and Kill for unresponsive flows)In the CHOKE algorithm a packet is drawn randomly from FIFO buffer whenever a new packet arrived at congestion router. This packet is compared with newly arriving packet. Both packets are dropped if it belongs to the same flow, otherwise the new incoming packet is confessed into the buffer with a probability that depends on the level of congestion and the randomly chosen packet is kept intact. CHOKE is simplest and stateless algorithm which does not provide any special data structure. However when the number of flows is large compared to the buffer space than this algorithm performance is not well. 6 Fig.5. CHOK E algorithm4. AQM on load based.4.1. BLUE A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms.RED queue length gives very little information about the number of competing connections in a shared link. BLUE overcome the drawbacks of RED by using packet loss and link idle events for protecting TCP flows against non-responsive flows. 1 BLUE, basically is a different active queue management algorithm which uses packet loss and link utilization history to manage congestion.BLUE keep up a single probability, which it uses to mark or drop packets when they are queued. If the queue is frequently dropping packets due to buffer overflow, BLUE increments the marking probability, therefore increasing the rate at which it sends back congestion notification. On the other hand, if the queue becomes empty or if the link is idle, BLUE decreases its marking probability.The main purpose of using BLUE is that congestion control can be performed with a least amount of buffer size. Other algorithms like RE D need a large buffer size to attain the same goal. 7 Fig.6. BLUE Algorithm.4.2. SFED Selective Fair Early DetectionSelective fair early detection is an easy to implement rate control based AQM discipline which can be joined with any plan discipline. It maintains a token set for every flow or comprehensive flows. The token filling rates are in proportion to the allowable bandwidths. The tokens are removed from the corresponding bucket whenever a packet is enqueued. The decision to enqueue or drop a packet of any flow depends on the occupancy of its bucket at that time. A sending rate higher than the permitted bandwidth results in low bucket occupancy and so a larger drop probability gum olibanum indicating the onset of congestion at the gateway. This ensures the adaptive flow to attain a steady state and prevents it from getting penalized severely. However non-adaptive flows will continue to send at the same rate and thus will suffer more losses. The rate at which the tokens are removed from bucket of a flow is equal to the rate of incoming packets of that flow, but the rate of addition of tokens in a bucket depends on its permitted share of bandwidth and not on the rate at which packets of that particular flow are dequeued. In this way token bucket controls the bandwidth consumed by a flow.8.4.3. FABA Fair adaptive bandwidth allocationFABA is the extension of SFED and can be coupled with any simplest scheduling discipline like FCFS first in first served). FABA has many objectives likeIt allocates fair bandwidth amongst flows.It can avoid congestion by early detection and notification,It has low implementation complexity.Easy extension to provide differentiated services.FABA deals with both adaptive and non-adaptive traffic while providing incentive for flows to incorporate end-to end congestion control. It uses a rate control based mechanism to achieve fairness amongst flows at a router. 9 As in random early detection (RED), congestion is detect early and notified to the source.Table.1. Strength and Weakness of AQM Algorisms.It had any scheduling disciplineFABAVery high complexity, computation.6. Conclusion In this paper we have state the term AQM and its algorithms. 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